核心差别
penal 强调形容词,punitive 则侧重punitive 是一个形容词
使用场景对比
| 对比方面 | penal | punitive |
|---|---|---|
| 核心含义 | 形容词,指与处罚、刑罚或刑法相关的,也可用于形容繁重或严厉的(如税收)。 | punitive 是一个形容词,指与惩罚或刑罚相关的,常用于描述旨在施加惩罚的行为、措施或法律。 |
| 词性 | 形容词 | 形容词、名词 |
| 使用语域 | 常用于修饰名词,如法律、制度、措施等,表示与刑罚或处罚相关。 | punitive 通常用作定语形容词,修饰名词如措施、法律、行动等,表示这些事物具有惩罚性质。 |
对比例句
The new law introduces stricter penal measures for drunk driving.
新法律对酒驾引入了更严格的处罚措施。
He was worried about the penal consequences of his actions.
他担心自己行为会带来刑罚后果。
The teacher gave him a punitive assignment for not doing his homework.
老师因为他没做作业,给了他一个惩罚性的任务。
The company faced punitive fines for violating environmental regulations.
这家公司因违反环保规定而面临惩罚性罚款。
常见误用提醒
使用 penal:He received a penal for speeding. → He received a penalty for speeding. (“penal”是形容词,不能直接用作名词表示“处罚”;应使用名词“penalty”或“punishment”。)
使用 penal:This is a penal action. → This is a punitive action. (“penal”通常修饰法律或制度相关名词(如code, system),而“punitive”更常用于描述具体行动或措施,表示惩罚性的。)
使用 punitive:He got a punitive for his mistake. → He faced punitive action for his mistake. (punitive 是形容词,不能直接用作名词。应使用名词短语如 punitive action 或 punitive measures 来表示惩罚性的事物。)