词汇对比与辨析

核心差别

penal 强调形容词,punitive 则侧重punitive 是一个形容词

使用场景对比

对比方面penalpunitive
核心含义形容词,指与处罚、刑罚或刑法相关的,也可用于形容繁重或严厉的(如税收)。punitive 是一个形容词,指与惩罚或刑罚相关的,常用于描述旨在施加惩罚的行为、措施或法律。
词性形容词形容词、名词
使用语域常用于修饰名词,如法律、制度、措施等,表示与刑罚或处罚相关。punitive 通常用作定语形容词,修饰名词如措施、法律、行动等,表示这些事物具有惩罚性质。

对比例句

penal

The new law introduces stricter penal measures for drunk driving.

新法律对酒驾引入了更严格的处罚措施。

penal

He was worried about the penal consequences of his actions.

他担心自己行为会带来刑罚后果。

punitive

The teacher gave him a punitive assignment for not doing his homework.

老师因为他没做作业,给了他一个惩罚性的任务。

punitive

The company faced punitive fines for violating environmental regulations.

这家公司因违反环保规定而面临惩罚性罚款。

常见误用提醒

使用 penal:He received a penal for speeding. → He received a penalty for speeding. (“penal”是形容词,不能直接用作名词表示“处罚”;应使用名词“penalty”或“punishment”。)

使用 penal:This is a penal action. → This is a punitive action. (“penal”通常修饰法律或制度相关名词(如code, system),而“punitive”更常用于描述具体行动或措施,表示惩罚性的。)

使用 punitive:He got a punitive for his mistake. → He faced punitive action for his mistake. (punitive 是形容词,不能直接用作名词。应使用名词短语如 punitive action 或 punitive measures 来表示惩罚性的事物。)